Effects of Cyber Bullying on Psychosocial Development in Adolescent

Effects of Cyber Bullying on Psychosocial Development in Adolescent Cyberbullying is mostly entailing the act of intimidating a person by sending them threatening and daunting messages using electronic communication devices. The study is meant to investigate how cyberbullying affects the social and psychological growth of adolescents. Erikson theory of psychological suggests that in the eight stages of mental, an individual must experience a challenge. The crisis may either have negative or a positive effect on an individual’s personality development. The research experience tested the relationship between cyberbullying and the adolescence development. Therefore, the findings showed that cyberbullying is a global public health apprehension among adolescents. Ultimately, Erikson theory of psychosocial relates with the research topic in that, regarding the eight stages that a healthy developing person must go through, there are challenges that one encounters. Also, cyberbullying affects the psychosocial growth of adolescents. Furthermore, the research results support this theory by highlighting the similar effects that teenager’s experiences. According to the findings, cyberbullying poses a significant threat to adolescents hence hindering their psychosocial development. Besides, the conclusion sums up to the fact that the youth’s personality is affected by cyberbullying thus could lead to low self-esteem. Introduction Currently, the culture of young people is migrating whereby, instead of using the internet as a mode of communication every day, it has changed to be a necessity and a primary mode of communication. Therefore, it has created a perspective and unique harmful dynamic for a social correlation. Besides, cyberbullying encompasses action taken through communication technologies with the aim of hurting another person. According to Ericson theory, the first five stages occur up to the age of eighteen then the other three happen beyond to adulthood (Domino Affonso., 1990). Erikson puts a great emphasis on adolescents’ development even though he believes there is room for a person to continue developing throughout their life. The human lifespan development area varies from childbirth to adulthood. Regarding this theory, acquisition of health virtues and successful growth of personality results from the completion of each development stage (Domino Affonso., 1990). Methods In this case, the method used is correlation or descriptive whereby, we use a survey to investigate the relationship between the psychosocial development of adolescents and cyberbullying. The variables that impact cyber bullying among the young people in cyberspace were measured in this research design. Additionally, the effects of cyberbullying on the psychosocial development of an adolescent were collected through statistical data using this study. Evidently, the Internet communication among the youth is at a high rate hence increases the chances of cyberbullying occurrences. Furthermore, this study determines where a relationship between the two variables, which is cyber bullying and youth’s development, exists. A descriptive analysis of the respondent’s demographic behavior occurred through this research design. Moreover, developed research questions and the hypothesis aimed at passing awareness of the effects of cyberbullying on how the youths develop socially. Some participants were used in the study and their experiences and attitude on cyberbullying and how their psychosocial development is affected was investigated. An institution review board played the role of evaluating the purpose of the study, position of the researcher and determining whether it is ethical (Morrow Downey., 2013). The study took place at Cambridge University located in England. The reason for choosing this site is the fact that it has a reasonable population which can serve best in the study. The respondents got recruited through an advertisement that was approved by the student government connotation. Questionnaires were given out to the participants to feel out their responses. Additionally, an observation method was used to collect more information on cyberbullying of adolescents. In this study, convenience sampling to investigate students at Cambridge University was employed by the researcher. Besides, it involves, examining how the social health growth of a young person can be affected by cyberbullying. Additionally, the target population for this survey consisted of both male and female students. The questioners used were meant to collect data and information from the respondents. It was both structured and unstructured to give room for more collection of initial information. Therefore, the raw data collected stored for further statistical analysis to come up with the correct findings. Besides, the employed descriptive statistics measured and integrated cross-tabulation and frequency dissemination. Also, to obtain insight of the respondents of the study, utilization of frequency propagation of demographic data was conducted. Limitation of the study Foremost, the questionnaires had issues since they were not reused from a previous survey. It means that the researcher was the one who created them for only the purpose of examining and conducting the study. Also, Cambridge University constituted both Americans and African American students, so there was a limitation in investigating other races on the effects of cyberbullying on the psychosocial development of youths. Therefore, it is clear that the researcher did not have the same ethnicity collection. Results According to study, it is evident that cyber bullying leads to victimization and internalization of issues by the young people. For instances, the findings show that there is the existence of a substantial relationship between the depression among adolescents and cyberbullying victimization. The results indicate that high rates of depressive effects relate to a significant amount of cyberbullying victimization (Morrow Downey., 2013). Regarding the research, when controlling possible perplexing variables, there is a different influence of cyberbullying in depressing symptomology and suicidal thoughts in the adolescents group. The results also show that cyberbullying may lead to externalizing complications of teenagers. For instance, when looking at the youths who have experienced cyberbullying, they are most likely involved in drug abuse and sexual behaviors. Example, taking alcohol, involved in early sex, carrying of weapons in schools among others. As compared to other peers, cyberbullying victims likely involve in these unethical actions. Besides, such practices affect the academic growth of the adolescent and also interferes with their general health growth (Valkenburg Jochen., 2011). Additionally, the outcomes show that cyberbullying also leads to problem behaviors and perpetration. Concerning the survey, it is evident that teenagers who are culprits of cyber bullying involve themselves in problem behaviors which may include, illegal acts, reactive aggression and increased number of proactive action Valkenburg Jochen., 2011). Negative emotions from youths like anger, fear, frustration, embracement and sadness have been associated with cyber bullying. According to the findings, cyberbullying poses a significant threat to adolescents hence hindering their psychosocial development Valkenburg Jochen., 2011). The research findings change the personal values and behaviors of an individual in that; their personality is highly affected since they feel alone when bullied online and distressed. It leads to low self-esteem and in other cases, makes the person venture into immoral activities. Apart from low self-esteem, a person is ever reluctant to let family members near their technological communication devices and also withdraw from spending more time with friends and relatives. Additionally, there is a change in personality and looking for excuses to stay away from learning institutions or work. Alternatively, a psychology profession can use these research findings in a professional setting to assist cyberbullying victims. It could be done through counseling, going through therapy that would help the adolescent to overcome their distresses. By doing so, the rate of suicidal deaths and immorality among the youths will reduce (Valkenburg Jochen., 2011). Conclusion Definitively, regarding the research study, it affects the lifespan development concept of Erikson psychosocial theory. Reason being, all the eight stages that are highlighted in this theory must be complete efficiently. They include trust and mistrust, shame and autonomy, guilt and initiative, inferiority and industry, role confusion and ego identity, isolation and intimacy, stagnation and generativity, despair and ego integrity. Completion of all the stages leads to the increased chances of solving crises among individuals. Erikson terms these crises as psychosocial in nature because they involve a person’s psychosocial needs. With all these said and done, cyberbullying affects the psychosocial growth of adolescents by victimization, making wrong decisions and changing their personalities. Therefore, this deduction sums up to the fact that the youth’s personality is affected by cyberbullying thus could lead to low self-esteem.

The Responsibility Of 911 Attacks - 1017 Words

Have you ever think of the US should take the responsibility of 911 attacks? September 11 attacks, the deadliest terrorist attack in world history, were a series of airline hijacking by nineteen militants of an Islamic extremist group Al-Qaeda. The hijackers, along with the suicide bombers, seized four US commercial jets and crashed them into US’s landmarks, Twins tower of World Trader Center and the Pentagon, at 8:46 a.m. on September 11, 2011. The notorious Al-Qaeda chief Osama-bin-Laden masterminded the attacks. According to CNN News, the September 11 attacks killed 2,966 people and injured more than 6,000 citizens in New York City (CNN). Moreover, as reported by Health Department WTC’s Health Registry, the attacks brought on the post-traumatic stress disorder, and they concluded that 1,140 people who worked near the Manhattan and the New York City at the time are diagnosed with cancer caused by exposure to toxins at Ground Zero (Bendix). 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Importance of the Sustainability Accounting-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Importance of the Sustainability Accounting and the Sustainability Reporting. Answer: Introduction Sustainability accounting and the sustainability reporting has the very crucial role in the development of every activity. Corporations play the major area in contributing towards the economic, social and the environmental well being of the country. The main aim of the report is to identify as to how the professional bodies like the Association of the Chartered Accountants or Certified Public Accountant etc. have considered it. With this aim, the report has been started with the executive summary. Then the meaning and the importance of the sustainability reporting and sustainability accounting has been dealt with. After that, the role and the responses of the professional bodies towards both of the concepts have been detailed. For achieving the purpose of the report, CPA and CA Australia as professional organizations have been considered. The report has then ended up with the concluding paragraph and also giving the recommendation. Sustainability Accounting And Reporting The word sustainable is originated from the word sustain which means which can run for perpetuity and survive in long run. Sustainable is the concept which itself balances the need of having the growth in economic terms along with the protection of environment and the equity in society as also equal distribution of wealth in the society. The two words sustainability reporting and the sustainability accounting are related to the corporate and details as to how the corporate complete the responsibility towards the economic growth, environment and the society of the country in which the particular company is operating (Gray 2006 and Hopwood 2009). The concept of sustainability accounting has been originated around twenty years back in Europe. It is considered and has been regarded as the part of the financial accounting and along with that it delivers the non financial information to the internal and external stakeholders of the corporations which help the companies to develop the reput ation in the market and helps in securing the future of the company (Bebbington, Higgins Frame 2009). Sustainability accounting has been used as the accounting measurement by the companies across the globe to become more sustainable. This new concept has linked the strategies of the management of the company with the board and financial accounting and also with the reporting practices being done and followed by the corporate. Sustainability reporting is the new approach of reporting which provides the formal way of communicating the information of the company towards the importance of sustainability. Now the companies can have their sustainability rating using the Dow Jones Sustainability Index (Cooper Owen 2007 and Lodhia 2013). The global reporting initiative has developed the guidelines for the sustainability reporting. The major purpose underlined by the global reporting initiative while describing the guidelines is that the sustainability report should provide a balanced and proper presentation of the performance of the company which is essential and the presentation shall include both negative as well as the positive contributions. The report includes the strategy that the company has adopted and the working profile. Then the approach made by the management is disclosed. The way is related to the conduct of the business and how far it affects the environment, interest of the stakeholders and the society (De Villiers, Rinaldi Unerman 2014 and Eccles, Krzus, Rogers and Serafeim, 2012.). The last content of the report is the indicators of the performance of the company in financial terms. In this manner, the corporate sustainability accounting and reporting have led the companies to disclose all the matters in correct and fair manner. Cpa And Ca Australia Response The professional bodies have played the dynamic role in the new and emerging area of the Sustainability reporting and the sustainability accounting. They have given the positive response towards the upcoming area of the sustainable reporting and accounting. In this, the role of the professional bodies has been increased and strengthens gradually over the years. It is because the sustainability accounting and the reporting as already discussed have provided the way for the companies to give the details about the environment, social and the economic effect that has been generated during the reporting period. The role of the professional bodies has been greatly acknowledged as they have started following the guidelines of the Global Reporting Initiative (Lodhia, 2012). In the given case, the response of two professional bodies CPA and CA Australia has been detailed. Both the bodies give certificates to the professionals who certify the financial statements of the companies. Both the organizations have made it mandatory for the auditor to check the contents of the sustainability report as part of the annual report and also they are liable to check whether the companies are complying with the guidelines issues by the Global Reporting Initiative and also whether they are disclosing the relevant facts and figures in the correct manner. The figures mentioned in the sustainability report are also verified with the financial statements. The whole process is done to ensure that the information received by the internal as well as the external stakeholders are beneficial to them and help them to take effective and efficient decision. (Rinaldi, Unerman Tilt 2014 and Ball, Owen, and Gray, 2010). Another response that the professional bodies have given is that the CPA Australia and the CA Australia has supported the emergence of the sustainability accounting and reporting in the positive sense and has accepted it in lawful spirit. Following has been the drivers for the professional bodies to include the sustainability reporting in the annual report of the company (Parkin, 2003): Cost Reduction The Company will be able to reduce its cost and increase the efficiency of the resources by identifying the measures on the regular basis as to how the cost of the company can be reduced in terms of the environment and the society (Frost, 2005) Governance With the introduction of the sustainability report, the corporate governance of the company will be in total changed in regard to its functions and the procedures and the professional bodies will be more inclined as to assessee whether the company is having good corporate governance practices or not. Risk Management The sustainability reporting also helps the professional bodies to know the risk areas and suggest the company with the methods to mitigate the risks. In this manner, the professional bodies have reacted to sustainability accounting and reporting. Conclusion Sustainability accounting and reporting is regarded as the significant triggers for the management of corporations to gear up with the corporate sustainability. It facilitates the correct reporting to the internal as well as the external stakeholders and explains how the company has been striving for maintaining the performance to achieve the goal of sustainable development. In this objective, the professional bodies have played major role in providing the guidance notes for the professionals as to how the same is required to be complied with. To conclude the report has brought up with emerging concept and explained the role of professional bodies in it. It is recommended to have the sustainability accounting and reporting as the core objective of the companies as the same helps the company to survive in the market and the role of professionals in the same shall be duly acknowledged. References Bebbington, J, Higgins, C Frame, B 2009,Initiating sustainable development reporting: evidence from New Zealand, Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal,vol22, no. 4, pp. 588-625. Ball, A., Owen, D.L. and Gray, R., 2010. External transparency or internal capture? The role of third?party statements in adding value to corporate environmental reports1.Business strategy and the environment,9(1), pp.1-23. Cooper, SM Owen, DL 2007, Corporate social reporting and stakeholder accountability: The missing link, Accounting, Organizations and Society, vol. 32, no.7-8, pp. 649-667. De Villiers, C, Rinaldi, l Unerman, J 2014,Integrated Reporting: Insights, gaps and an agenda for future research, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 1042 1067. Eccles, R.G., Krzus, M.P., Rogers, J. and Serafeim, G., 2012. The need for sector?specific materiality and sustainability reporting standards.Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,24(2), pp.65-71. Frost, G., 2005. A survey of sustainability reporting practices of Australian reporting entities.Australian Accounting Review,15(35), pp.89-96 Gray, RH 2006,Social, environmental and sustainability reporting and organizational value creation? Whose value? Whose creation?, Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 793- Hopwood, A 2009, Accounting and the Environment, Accounting, Organizations and Society ,vol. 34, no. 3-4, pp. 433-439. Lodhia, S 2013,Sustainability Accounting and Reporting: An Overview, Contemporary Developments and Research Possibilities, in G Wells (ed.), Sustainable Business: Theory and Practice of Business under Sustainability Principles, Edward Elgar, United Kingdom, pp. 73-86 Lodhia, S 2012, Need for effective CSR/Sustainability regulation in S Jones J Ratnatunga (eds.), Contemporary Issues in Sustainability Accounting, Assurance and Reporting, Emerald Publishing, London, pp. 139-152 Parkin S, (2003), Accounting for Sustainability, Forum for the Future, Severn Printing, pp. 7-22. Rinaldi, L., Unerman, J. Tilt, C. 2014,The role of stakeholder engagement and dialogue within the sustainability accounting and reporting process', in J Beggington, J Unerman B O Dwyer (eds), Sustainability accounting and accountability, 2nd ed., Routledge, New York, pp. 86-107.